5 results
Contributors
-
- By Vincent Aleven, Kevin D. Ashley, Marie Bienkowski, Ami E. Bolton, Peter Brusilovsky, Gwendolyn Campbell, Min Chi, Cristina Conati, Sidney D’Mello, Paula J. Durlach, John Flynn, Jared Freeman, LeeEllen Friedland, Cleotilde Gonzalez, Art Graesser, W. Lewis Johnson, Judy Kay, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Bob Kummerfeld, H. Chad Lane, Alan M. Lesgold, Georgiy Levchuk, Matthew Lineberry, Diane Litman, Collin Lynch, Phillip M. Mangos, Niels Pinkwart, Ido Roll, Wayne Shebilske, Valerie J. Shute, Eric A. Surface, Diana Tierney, Kurt VanLehn, Aaron M. Watson, Robert E. Wray, Diego Zapata-Rivera
- Edited by Paula J. Durlach, Alan M. Lesgold, University of Pittsburgh
-
- Book:
- Adaptive Technologies for Training and Education
- Published online:
- 05 March 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 February 2012, pp xi-xii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Chapter 78 - Arteriovenous malformations
- from Section 3 - Symptomatic epilepsy
- Edited by Simon D. Shorvon, Frederick Andermann, Renzo Guerrini
-
- Book:
- The Causes of Epilepsy
- Published online:
- 05 March 2012
- Print publication:
- 14 April 2011, pp 551-558
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
The most common measures of traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity include the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the duration of loss of consciousness (LOC), and the duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). Post-traumatic seizures are usually divided into three categories: immediate, early seizures, and late seizures. Early seizures have a different pathogenesis than late seizures; early post-traumatic seizure (PTS) are thought to be due to mechanical damage to neurons, related to extravasated blood, brain swelling, and perioperative events from cerebral manipulation or stress from general anaesthesia and metabolic factors. The relative risks of epilepsy are raised twofold after a mild head injury and sevenfold after severe head injury, risks are slightly greater in women than in men, and are increased with older age at time of injury. Structural imaging has shown promise for improving prediction of PTS risk. Phenytoin has the most evidence to support its use to reduce early post-traumatic seizures.
Contributors
-
- By Jane E. Adcock, Yahya Aghakhani, A. Anand, Eva Andermann, Frederick Andermann, Alexis Arzimanoglou, Sandrine Aubert, Nadia Bahi-Buisson, Carman Barba, Agatino Battaglia, Geneviève Bernard, Nadir E. Bharucha, Laurence A. Bindoff, William Bingaman, Francesca Bisulli, Thomas P. Bleck, Stewart G. Boyd, Andreas Brunklaus, Harry Bulstrode, Jorge G. Burneo, Laura Canafoglia, Laura Cantonetti, Roberto H. Caraballo, Fernando Cendes, Kevin E. Chapman, Patrick Chauvel, Richard F. M. Chin, H. T. Chong, Fahmida A. Chowdhury, Catherine J. Chu-Shore, Rolando Cimaz, Andrew J. Cole, Bernard Dan, Geoffrey Dean, Alessio De Ciantis, Fernando De Paolis, Rolando F. Del Maestro, Irissa M. Devine, Carlo Di Bonaventura, Concezio Di Rocco, Henry B. Dinsdale, Maria Alice Donati, François Dubeau, Michael Duchowny, Olivier Dulac, Monika Eisermann, Brent Elliott, Bernt A. Engelsen, Kevin Farrell, Natalio Fejerman, Rosalie E. Ferner, Silvana Franceschetti, Robert Friedlander, Antonio Gambardella, Hector H. Garcia, Serena Gasperini, Lorenzo Genitori, Gioia Gioi, Flavio Giordano, Leif Gjerstad, Daniel G. Glaze, Howard P. Goodkin, Sidney M. Gospe, Andrea Grassi, William P. Gray, Renzo Guerrini, Marie-Christine Guiot, William Harkness, Andrew G. Herzog, Linda Huh, Margaret J. Jackson, Thomas S. Jacques, Anna C. Jansen, Sigmund Jenssen, Michael R. Johnson, Dorothy Jones-Davis, Reetta Kälviäinen, Peter W. Kaplan, John F. Kerrigan, Autumn Marie Klein, Matthias Koepp, Edwin H. Kolodny, Kandan Kulandaivel, Ruben I. Kuzniecky, Ahmed Lary, Yolanda Lau, Anna-Elina Lehesjoki, Maria K. Lehtinen, Holger Lerche, Michael P. T. Lunn, Snezana Maljevic, Mark R. Manford, Carla Marini, Bindu Menon, Giulia Milioli, Eli M. Mizrahi, Manish Modi, Márcia Elisabete Morita, Manuel Murie-Fernandez, Vivek Nambiar, Lina Nashef, Vincent Navarro, Aidan Neligan, Ruth E. Nemire, Charles R. J. C. Newton, John O'Donavan, Hirokazu Oguni, Teiichi Onuma, Andre Palmini, Eleni Panagiotakaki, Pasquale Parisi, Elena Parrini, Liborio Parrino, Ignacio Pascual-Castroviejo, M. Scott Perry, Perrine Plouin, Charles E. Polkey, Suresh S. Pujar, Karthik Rajasekaran, R. Eugene Ramsey, Rahul Rathakrishnan, Roberta H. Raven, Guy M. Rémillard, David Rosenblatt, M. Elizabeth Ross, Abdulrahman Sabbagh, P. Satishchandra, Swati Sathe, Ingrid E. Scheffer, Philip A. Schwartzkroin, Rod C. Scott, Frédéric Sedel, Michelle J. Shapiro, Elliott H. Sherr, Michael Shevell, Simon D. Shorvon, Adrian M. Siegel, Gagandeep Singh, S. Sinha, Barbara Spacca, Waney Squier, Carl E. Stafstrom, Bernhard J. Steinhoff, Andrea Taddio, Gianpiero Tamburrini, C. T. Tan, Raymond Y. L. Tan, Erik Taubøll, Robert W. Teasell, Mario Giovanni Terzano, Federica Teutonico, Suzanne A. Tharin, Elizabeth A. Thiele, Pierre Thomas, Paolo Tinuper, Dorothée Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, Sumeet Vadera, Pierangelo Veggiotti, Jean-Pierre Vignal, J. M. Walshe, Elizabeth J. Waterhouse, David Watkins, Ruth E. Williams, Yue-Hua Zhang, Benjamin Zifkin, Sameer M. Zuberi
- Edited by Simon D. Shorvon, Frederick Andermann, Renzo Guerrini
-
- Book:
- The Causes of Epilepsy
- Published online:
- 05 March 2012
- Print publication:
- 14 April 2011, pp ix-xvi
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Contributors
-
- By Robert Acosta, Elizabeth M. Alderman, Dan Barlev, Stephen M. Blumberg, Katherine J. Chou, Anthony J. Ciorciari, Christina M. Coyle, Ellen F. Crain, Sandra J. Cunningham, Joan Di Martino-Nardi, Nancy Dougherty, Glenn Fennelly, Sheila Fallon Friedlander, Jeffrey C. Gershel, Michael H. Gewitz, Beatrice Goilav, Michael Gorn, Waseem Hafeez, Dominic Hollman, Olga Jimenez, Carl Kaplan, Jeffrey Keller, Sergey Kunkov, Carolyn Lederman, Martin Lederman, Stephanie R. Lichten, Julie Lin, Stephen Ludwig, Svetlana Lvovich, Frank A. Maffei, Soe Mar, Robert W. Marion, Morri Markowitz, Daniel Mason, Teresa McCann, Alexandra D. McCollum, Mary Mehlman, James Meltzer, Scott Miller, Kirsten Roberts, Michael Rosenberg, Joy Samanich, David P. Sole, Preeti Venkataraman, Joshua Vova, Mark Weinblatt, Paul K. Woolf, Loren Yellin
- Edited by Ellen F. Crain, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Jeffrey C. Gershel, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
- Edited in association with Sandra J. Cunningham
-
- Book:
- Clinical Manual of Emergency Pediatrics
- Published online:
- 10 January 2011
- Print publication:
- 02 December 2010, pp x-xiv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
4 - Lepidopteran phytogeny and applications to comparative studies of development
- Edited by Marian R. Goldsmith, University of Rhode Island, Adam S. Wilkins, Company of Biologists Ltd
-
- Book:
- Molecular Model Systems in the Lepidoptera
- Published online:
- 23 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 28 April 1995, pp 107-138
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Comparative development
Comparative and experimental methodologies offer two complementary approaches to deducing both ontogenetic and phylogenetic mechanisms. Both kinds of studies analyze the effects of perturbations in the generation of these mechanisms, but in comparative studies the perturbation was introduced by the evolutionary process itself. At the methodological level, however, these approaches have quite separate traditions and tools. In large part, this is because the evolutionary experiment was completed long ago and many modifications have subsequently occurred. Furthermore, the unmodified “control” organism is typically missing – that is, has become extinct or subsequently modified independently of the “experimental” organism – and can only be inferred from analysis of multiple contemporary organisms. Thus, whereas the experimentalist may, for example, be satisfied to compare a single genetic mutant with its parental type, the comparative biologist frequently must deal with multiple species that differ in many loci, most of which have nothing to do with the phenotypic change of interest. Although this approach may seem indirect to an experimentalist, there really is no alternative when studying evolutionary processes.
Before the evolution of developmental processes can be inferred, it is necessary to place the species under study within its phylogenetic context, in order to establish the actual evolutionary sequence of change in ontogeny. This is analogous to the requirement that ontogenetic stages be temporally ordered before developmental mechanisms can be deduced. Of course, there are potential difficulties, if, for example, the developmental processes have evolved faster than speciation events have occurred or if species extinction has eliminated transitional forms. But, without phylogenetics, comparative biology becomes reduced to developmental taxonomy. For example, neotenic species display juvenilized phenotypes relative to their immediate ancestors.